(A) In (1), (2), (3), (4), (7), and (10), the subject الْفَاعِل is not overt/explicit ظَاهِر. It is covert/implicit مُسْتَتِر, and it can be inferred from the prefix on the verb. In (1), أَ is for the pronoun أَنَا, so the covert/implicit subject is أَنَا ‘I’. In (2), نُـ is for the pronoun نَحْنُ, so the covert subject is نَحْنُ ‘we’. In (3), تَـ is for the pronoun هِيَ, so the covert subject is هِيَ ‘she’. In (4) and (7), يَـ is for the pronoun هُوَ, so covert subject is هُوَ ‘he’. In (10), تَـ is for the pronoun أَنْتَ, so the covert subject is أَنْتَ ‘you’. 

The تَـ in (3) and (10) are the same. Figuring out whether it is for هِيَ or أَنْتَ can be inferred from the context.  

(B) In (5), (6), (8), (9), and (11), the subject الْفَاعِلُ is an overt connected pronoun. The ون in (5) and (8) is for masculine plural, namely for the 2nd person in (5) (indicated by the prefix تَـ) and for the 3rd person in (8) (indicated by the prefix يَـ). ينَ in (6) is for the 2nd person feminine singular. نَ  in (9) and (11) is for feminine plural, namely for the 3rd person in (9) (indicated by the prefix يَـ) and  for the 2nd person in (11) (indicated by the prefix تَـ).  

(C) Both covert and overt subjects in these sentences refer to nouns/pronouns that are mentioned/stated in (previous) contexts. In يَصُومُ كُلَّ خَمِيسٍ, for example, the covert subject هُوَ refers to a male person (Ali, Salah, Sam, …) that is mentioned before by the speaker/writer.